Mark, this may be a bit lengthy, so let me apologize in advance.  My sources on this are many, but most of the information will come from various Jane’s books and a great series on WWII aircraft from 1970 that I found in a used bookstore and from the web. 

 

As I noted on the board, Norm once posted that the work on the air units was only slightly better than that done on the naval units.  While this was an exaggeration (the naval part of the game stinks), there is still many corrections needed on the air units.  I won't go into rants on the numbers (i.e. anti-air str, etc..) but more so on the game stated release dates and some on the quantities/dates used in your scenario.  I understand the limitations the game imposes on you so use this information at your discretion.  TOAW is a great game, but unfortunately, the focus is more on the land than the air and even less on the naval.  However, the air can still play a big part in the battles.

 

I'll start with the Axis planes (since they are the easiest ;) ).

 

First I'll compare game release dates to actual then look at any "stand out" air units in your game.  I'll not go into unit designations, you've done a great job here.

 

(note: before I start the air dissertation J , I noticed that your have a temperate/warm/hot zones.  Why wasn't a cold or, at least, cool zone used for zone 1?...just curious).

…back to the fun. 

I also tried to give exact start (month) and end dates for the planes when possible.

 

AXIS PLANES USED IN EA

 

Plane Type TOAW Start EA Start EA End Actual Start Actual End
           
Me 109 Early

1937

Jul-39

Apr-42

1937

mid 1942

Me 109 Late

1942

Apr-42

end

early 1942

1970's!

Ju 87 Early

1938

Jul-39

Nov-41

1938

1942

Ju 87 Late

1941

Nov-41

end

1942

1945

He 111

1939

Jul-39

end

1936

1944

Ju 88 early

1939

Jul-39

Sep-43

1939

Jan-44

Ju 88 Late

1943

Sep-43

end

Jan-44

end

Me 110

1939

Jul-39

end

1939

end

Me 110G

1942

Jul-39

Jul-42

1942

end

Do 217

1940

Jul-39

end

Late 1940

end

Fw 190 early

1941

Jan-41

May-42

Sep-41

end

Fw 190 late

1942

May-42

end

Apr-43

end

He 177

1942

Jul-42

end

1943

end

He 219

1942

Jan-42

end

1942

end

Me 410

1943

Feb-43

end

1943

end

AR 234

1944

Apr-44

end

Oct-44

end

Ju 88G

1944

Jan-43

end

Jun-44

end

Me 163

1944

Jul-44

end

Jun-44

end

Me 262

1944

Sep-44

end

Oct-44

end

He 162

1945

Jul-44

end

Jan-45

end

Ta 152

1945

Sep-44

end

Dec-44

end

Ba 65

1935

Jul-39

end

1935

end

CR 32

1935

Jul-39

end

1933

1941

SM 81

1935

Jul-39

end

1935

1942

BR 20

1933

Jul-39

end

1936

end

SM 79

1937

Jul-39

end

1934

1944

BA 88

1938

Jul-39

end

1938

1942

Z 1007 BiS

1938

Jul-39

end

1939

end

CR 42

1937

Jul-39

end

1938

Dec-43

G. 50

1940

Jul-39

end

1940

1943

MC 200

1939

Jul-39

end

1939

end

MC 202

1941

Aug-41

end

Jul-41

end

Re 2001

1941

Jul-41

Apr-42

May-42

Apr-44

Sm 84

1941

Aug-41

end

1941

end

P 108

1942

Mar-42

end

1941

end

G. 55

1943

Jan-43

end

1943

end

MC 205

1943

Apr-43

end

Jun-43

end

Re 2005

1943

Jun-43

end

1943

end

SM 79 III

1943

Oct-43

end

1944

end

Z 1018

1943

Sep-43

end

?

?

Note: Red indicates errors in yours or Norm’s data. Your call as to whether or not to do anything about it.

 

Production Issues:

The following planes either saw NO action, little action or had production numbers so low that there inclusion in this game is not necessary:

He-177, over 1,000 were built but this plane never saw action. You have 120 allotted.

He-219, less than 300 built. You have 36 allotted.

He-162, was almost the German version of a kamikaze airplane (the Germans being much saner than the Japanese.) Less than 300 produced, you have almost 200 allotted.

If you keep the Jet Group, then there should be MORE of these planes and fewer 163s.

Ta-152, Kurt Tanks awesome baby. Rebuilt FW 190-Dora designed to beat the P-51 and Spit XIV’s. Little over 200 built but few, if any, saw action. You have 24 allotted.

Ba 65, little over 200 built, you have 28 allotted. Saw little or no action.

Ba 88, less than 150 built, you have 28 allotted. Saw little or no action.

P108, little over 150 built. You have 24 allotted. Saw little or no action.

 

 

Individual Unit Notes:

Regarding your Graf Zep unit. The Luftwaffe was working on the 109 for carrier take-off though the 190 with its radial engine would most likely have seen carrier service, other types were also on the board. The Stuka could of served as the bomber craft for the Zeppelin. You currently have an early Jap Zero and a Kate, which was a torpedo bomber. If you want to keep those Jap planes I suggest the Val (D3A) instead of the B5N. The Val was a dive bomber and would have been better suited for the Germans. Same goes for the Aguila…though I’d have to ask around what planes the Italians would use on a carrier. They would have had several choices as most of their early planes were of radial design.

The Jet Group unit should be more He-162s and fewer Me-163s for that nuke event. The 163 was a waste of men and material. The 162s were cheaper, safer and MUCH easier for the Germans to mass produce. It was a kind of Volkswagen for the air…a people’s fighter plane.

The Swedish bomber unit is WAY too heavy. 400 buffs for Sweden? I have not seen numbers higher than half that! You may want to review the Swedish TOE chart below and adjust accordingly.

Increase size of German air units at start…see note below on number of Luftwaffe fighters in ’39.

 

 

Other Notes:

In September, 1939 the Luftwaffe had a front line strength of 1,200 fighters.

 

The following is a lot of info on the Italian AF, use it as you see fit:

Royal Italian Air Force
Regia Aeronautica

Order of Battle
10 June 1940 / 10.06.1940

 

  Command or Ship Aircraft Location and Status Commander      
       
1st Air Region 
   • Headquarters   Milano  
4th Bomber Division "DRAGO" Novara  
– 43rd Bomber Wing   Cameri  
   • 98th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Cameri  
   • 99th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Cameri  
– 7th Bomber Wing   Lonate Pozzolo  
   • 4th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Lonate Pozzolo  
   • 25th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Lonate Pozzolo  
– 13th Bomber Wing   Piacenza  
   • 11th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Piacenza  
   • 43rd Bomber Squadron Br-20 Piacenza  
2nd Fighter Division "BOREA" Torino-Caselle  
– 3rd Fighter Wing   Novi Ligure  
   • 18th Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Novi Ligure  
   • 23rd Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Novi Ligure  
– 53rd Fighter Wing   Torino-Caselle  
   • 150th Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Torino-Caselle  
   • 151st Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Torino-Caselle  
6th Bomber Division "FALCO" Padova  
• 9th (Independent) Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Gorizia  
– 16th Bomber Wing   Vicenza  
   • 50th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.1007bis Vicenza  
   • 56th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.1007bis Vicenza  
– 18th Bomber Wing   Aviano  
   • 31st Bomber Squadron Br-20 Aviano  
   • 37th Bomber Squadron Br-20 Aviano  
– 47th Bomber Wing   Ghedi  
   • 106th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.1007bis Ghedi  
   • 107th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.1007bis Ghedi  
 
2nd Air Region
• Headquarters Palermo  
3rd Bomber Division "CENTAURO" Catania  
– 11th Bomber Wing   Comiso  
   • 33rd Bomber Squadron SM.79 Comiso  
   • 34th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Comiso  
– 41st Bomber Wing   Gela  
   • 59th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Gela  
   • 60th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Gela  
– 24th Bomber Wing   Catania  
   • 52nd Bomber Squadron SM.79 Catania  
   • 53rd Bomber Squadron SM.79 Catania  
– 11th Bomber Brigade "NIBBIO" Castelvetrano  
• 96th (Independent) Bomber Squadron SM-95c Reggio Calabria  
– 30th Bomber Wing   Sciacca  
   • 87th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Sciacca  
   • 90th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Sciacca  
– 36th Bomber Wing   Castelvetrano  
   • 108th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Castelvetrano  
   • 109th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Castelvetrano  
1st Fighter Division "AQUILA" Palermo  
• 6th (Independent) Fighter Squadron MC.200 Comiso  
• 30th Recon Flight Ro.37bis Palermo  
– 1st Fighter Wing   Palermo  
   • 17th Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Palermo  
   • 157th Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Palermo  
 
3rd Air Region
• Headquarters   Roma  
5th Bomber Division "EOLO" Viterbo  
– 46th Bomber Wing   Pisa  
   • 104th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Pisa  
   • 105th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Pisa  
– 9th Bomber Wing   Viterbo  
   • 26th Bomber Squadron  SM.79 Viterbo  
   • 29th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Viterbo  
– 8th Fighter Brigade "ASTORE" Roma-Ciampino  
• 7th (Independent) Fighter Squadron Ba.88 Campiglia  
– 51st Fighter Wing   Roma-Ciampino  
   • 20th Fighter Squadron G.50 Roma-Ciampino  
   • 21st Fighter Squadron G.50 Roma-Ciampino  
– 52nd Fighter Wing   Pontedera  
   • 22nd Fighter Squadron G.50 Pontedera  
   • 24th Fighter Squadron G.50 Pontedera  
 
4th Territorial Air Zone
• Headquarters   Bari  
• 116th (Independent) Bomber Squadron Br-20 Grottaglie  
• 2nd (Independent) Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Grottaglie  
– 35th Bomber Wing   Brindisi  
   • 86th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.501 Brindisi  
   • 96th Bomber Squadron  Cant Z.506bis Brindisi  
– 37th Bomber Wing   Lecce  
   • 54th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Lecce  
   • 29th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Lecce  
 
Sardinia Air Command
• Headquarters   Cagliari  
10th Bomber Brigade "MARTE" Cagliari  
• 3rd (Independent) Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Monserrato  
• 19th (Independent) Ground Attack Squadron Ba.88 Algher  
• 124th Recon Flight Ro.37 Cagliari-Elmas  
– 8th Bomber Wing   Villacidro  
   • 27th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Villacidro  
   • 28th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Villacidro  
– 31st Bomber Wing   Cagliari-Elmas  
   • 93rd Bomber Squadron Cant Z.506bis Cagliari-Elmas  
   • 94th Bomber Squadron Cant Z.506bis Cagliari-Elmas  
– 32nd Bomber Wing   Decimomannu  
   • 88th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Decimomannu  
   • 89th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Decimomannu  
 
Albania Air Command
• Headquarters   Tirana  
• 38th (Independent) Bomber Squadron SM.81 Tirana  
• 160th (Independent) Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Tirana  
• 120th Recon Flight Ro.37bis Tirana  
 
Aegean Air Command
• Headquarters   Rhodes  
• 161st (Independent) Fighter Squadron Ro.44 Leros  
• 163rd (Independent) Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Maritza  
– 39th Bomber Wing   Gadurra  
   • 56th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Gadurra  
   • 92nd Bomber Squadron SM.81 Maritza  
 
Lybia Air Command - West
• Headquarters   Tripoli  
• 1st Sahara Recon Squadron Ca.309 Mellaha  
• 26th (Independent) Recon Squadron Ca.309 Hon  
• 122nd Recon Flight Ro.37bis Mellaha  
• 136th Recon Flight Ro.37bis Tripoli  
– 15th Bomber Wing   Tarhuna  
   • 46th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Tarhuna  
   • 47th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Tarhuna  
– 33rd Bomber Wing   Bir Bhera  
   • 35th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Bir Bhera  
   • 37th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Bir Bhera  
– 50th Ground Attack Wing   Sorman  
   • 12th Ground Attack Squadron Ba.65 Sorman  
   • 16th Ground Attack Squadron Ca.310bis Sorman  
– 2nd Fighter Wing   Castel Benito  
   • 13th Fighter Squadron Cr-42 Castel Benito  
   • 1st Recon Squadron Ca.309 Mellaha  
 
Lybia Air Command - East
• Headquarters   Bengasi  
• 2nd Sahara Recon Squadron Ca.309 El Adem  
• 127th Recon Flight Ro.37bis El Adem  
• 137th Recon Flight Ro.37bis El Adem  
13th Bomber Division "PEGASO" Bengasi  
– 14th Bomber Wing   El Adem  
   • 44th Bomber Squadron SM.81 El Adem  
   • 45th Bomber Squadron SM.81 El Adem  
– 10th Bomber Wing   Benin  
   • 30th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Benin  
   • 32nd Bomber Squadron SM.79 Benin  
14th Fighter Brigade "REX" Tobruk  
   • 8th Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Tobruk  
   • 10th Fighter Squadron Cr-32 Tobruk  
 
Italian East Africa Air Command - North
• Headquarters   Assab  
• 25th Bomber Squadron Ca.133 Bahar Dar  
• 26th Bomber Squadron Ca.133 Gondar  
• 27th Bomber Squadron Ca.133 Assab  
• 28th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Zula  
• 118th Bomber Flight Ca.133 Assab  
• Recon Flight "North" Ca.133 Agordat  
• 409th Fighter Flight Cr-42 Massaua  
• 413th Fighter Flight Cr-42 Assab  
 
Italian East Africa Air Command - Central
• Headquarters   Addis Abeba  
• 4th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Scenele  
• 29th Bomber Squadron SM.81 Assab  
• 44th Bomber Squadron SM.79 Ghiniele  
• 49th Bomber Squadron Ca.133 Gimma  
• 41st Recon Flight Ca.133 Addis Abeba  
• 110th Recon Flight Ro.37 Dire Daua  
• 410th Fighter Flight Cr-32 Dire Daua  
• 411th Fighter Flight Cr-32 Dire Daua  
 
Italian East Africa Air Command - South
• Headquarters   Mogadiscio  
• 31st Bomber Squadron Ca.133 Neghelli  
• Recon Flight "South" Ca.133 Mogadiscio  
 
Special Air Services Command
• Headquarters      
• 147th Squadron SM.75    
• 148th Squadron SM-73    
• 149th Squadron SM.82    
• 604th Flight SM.75    
• 608th Flight SM.82    
• 610th Flight SM.75    
• 615th Flight SM.83    
• 616th Flight SM.74    
• Italian East Africa Detachment SM.73; Ca.148c;
Ca.133T; Fokker F
   
• Lybia Parachutist School Detachment SM.81    

 

 

Here is a nice breakdown of the Finish AF at the start of hostilities.

Finnish Air Force Strength, November 1939

Fokker C.X 29

Fokker C.V 7

Fieseler Fi.156 Storch 2

Blackburn Ripon 8

Junkers K.43 7

VL Saaski 3

VL Kotka 1

Fokker D.XXI 36

De Havilland Moth 3

Bristol Bulldog 10

Bristol Blenheim 16

Some equipment was sent or promised during the Winter War, but did not arrive in time:

· 40 Brewster F2A-1 Buffaloes bought from USA (you can use an F4F as a sub here…though it does help the Finns) (more maneuverable than later models; the Finns thought these excellent aircraft and used them throughout WW2; arrived too late for fighting.)

· 35 Fiat Cr.50 Freccia, a not-as-good cousin of the MC200. Held up by Germany until after the truce, these were put to use during the Continuation War with Russia (1941-44).

After the fall of France and the Low Countries, Finland's ally Germany offered several aircraft for sale or as gifts, including 44 Hawk 75As from Norway and France and additional MS-406s. and MS-410s from France. These were used against Russia in 1941.

They also captured a good deal of Russian equipment (and got some after Barbarossa from Germany) that they then used:

· 6 Pe-2 light bombers

· 24 Tu-2 light bombers

· 11 DB-3B medium bombers

In Jan 1943, Germany sold Finland 30 Bf109G-2s in order to upgrade their effectiveness. In the summer of 1944, Germany sold/gave an additional 36 Bf109G6s and just under 100 Bf109G-14s. These soldiered on into the early 1950s.

 

 

SWEDEN

As the 30s drew to a close, Sweden wanted to upgrade its indigenous J-5 and J-6 Jaktfalk biplanes. Swedish neutrality has been guarded by military might. The Swedes realized that this meant that they needed their own aircraft manufacturing capability. Before that was fully developed, the Flygvapnet bought aircraft from other nations, including Britain, Italy, and the USA. These include:

Swedish Designation

Aircraft

Quantity

J-7 Bristol Bulldog (UK)  
J-8A/B Gloster Gladiator I/II (UK) 55 (37/18)
J-9 Seversky EP-106 (P-35) (US) 60 (60 others impounded by USAAC)
J-10 Vultee P-48C (P-66) (US) None (confiscated by USAAC)
J-11 Fiat Cr.42 (Italy) 72
J-20 Reggiane Re.2000 (Italy) 60
J-26 North American P-51D (US) 50 (Bought in April '45)
B-3/A/B/C Junkers Ju86K (licensed) 56 (3/20/17/16)
B-4 Hawker Hart (light bomber) 15
B-5B/C Northrop A-17A (licensed) 91 (52/39)
B-6 Republican Guardsman 2PA-204 (US) None (confiscated by USAAC as AT-12)
B-16 Caproni Bergmaschi Ca.313 (Italy) 31

During the Russo-Finnish War, Sweden gave (lent) a number of Gladiators and Harts to Finland, flown by volunteer pilots released from military service.

As the war progressed, the Swedes developed their own aircraft designs:

· Fighters: SAAB J-21A (Pusher fighter - available 1945; later changed to J-21R jet.) FFVS J-22 monoplane fighter (available 1943)

· Bombers: B-17A/B/C single-engine light level, recon, and dive bomber (available 1941) B-18 twin-engine medium bomber

 

Romanian AF

 

On 22 June 1941, the offensive power of the ARR (Aeronautica Regala Romana=Romanian Royal Aeronautics) was concentrated in the Combat Air Grouping (Gruparea Aeriana de Lupta). It was made up of four flotillas:

· 1st Bomber Flotilla

o 1st Bomber Group: 71st and 72nd Bomber Squadron (S-79B)

o 4th Bomber Group: 76th and 77th Bomber Squadron (P. 37A & B)

o 5th Bomber Group: 78th, 79th and 80th Bomber Squadron (He-111H3)

· 2nd Bomber Flotilla

o 2nd Bomber Group: 74th and 75th Bomber Squadron (Potez 633B2)

o 82nd Bomber Squadron (MB-210)

o 18th Bomber Squadron (IAR-37)

· 2nd Recon Flotilla

o 11th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

o 12th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

o 13th Recon Squadron (IAR 38)

o 14th Recon Squadron (IAR 39)

· 1st Fighter Flotilla

o 5th Fighter Group: 51st and 52nd Fighter Squadron (He-112B)

o 7th Fighter Group: 56th, 57th and 58th Fighter Squadron (Bf-109E)

o 8th Fighter Group: 41st, 59th and 60th Fighter Squadron (IAR-80 & A)

· 1st Recon-Bomber Squadron (Blenheim Mk. I)

The Combat Air Grouping had a total of 253 aircraft, out of which only 205 were available for action on 22 June

 

Behind the front line, the territory of Romania was divided between the 2nd Air Region:

· 3rd Fighter Group: 43rd, 44th and 45th Fighter Squadron (P.11f)

· 4th Fighter Group: 46th, 49th and 50th Fighter Squadron (P.11f)

· 112th Liaison Squadron (Fleet-10G)

and the 3rd Air Region, which was covered by the 2nd Fighter Flotilla:

· 6th Fighter Group: 61st and 62nd Fighter Squadron (P.24E)

· 113th Liaison Squadron (Fleet-10G)

In Dobrogea were stationed the

· 101st Seaplane Squadron (Cant Z.501)

· 102nd Seaplane Squadron (S.62B and S.55A)

· 16th Recon Squadron (IAR-39)

· 53rd Fighter Squadron (Hurricane Mk. I)

Aircraft Type

Manufacturer

Start of Service

Total Number

Serial No.

Notes

P.11c

PZL

1939

28+[33]

301-311;313-325

ex-Polish AF

P.11f

IAR

1937

95

51-145

Polish license

P.24E

PZL

1939

5

1-5

 

P.24E

IAR

1939

25

6-30

Polish license

He-112B1/2

Heinkel

1939

30

1-30

 

Hurricane Mk. I

Hawker

1940

12

1-12

 

Hurricane Mk. I

Zmaj

1941

3 [6]

13-15+

ex-JKRV, sold by the Luftwaffe

Bf-109E3/4/7

Messerschmitt

1940

69

1-69

 

IAR-80A/B/C

IAR

1941

240

see details

 

IAR-81A

IAR

1941

60

see details

 

IAR-81C

IAR

1943

161

301-450+

 

Bf-109F2/4

Messerschmitt

1943

5+

not available

used with German markings

Bf-109G2/4/6

Messerschmitt

1943

200+

1-43+(colors)

 

Bf-110C/D/F

Messerschmitt

1943

24+ *

not available

used with German markings

Bf-109Ga4/6

IAR

1945

75

301-375

production concluded after the war

 

 

 

 

Bombers and assault airplanes

Aircraft Type

Manufacturer

Start of Service

Total Number

Serial No.

Notes

Potez 25

IAR

1929

217

1-217

still in use as a bomber/trainer in early 40s

Potez 543

Potez

1935

10

1-10

still in use as a bomber/trainer and transport in early 40s

MB-210 Bn4

Bloch

1937

10

1-10

 

S-79B

SIAI

1938

24

1-24

only 22 arrived in Romania

IAR-37

IAR

1939

50

1-50

 

Potez-633B2

Potez

1939

29

1-20+

 

P.23A/B Karas

PZL

1939

19[31]

1-19

only 11 were armed

P.37A/B Los

PZL

1939

22[27]

201-222

only 19 were armed

He-111H3

Heinkel

1940

32

1-32

 

JIS-79B

SIAI

1941

8[24]

149-156

 

JRS-79B

IAR

1941

36

101-136

 

Potez 631C3

Potez

not available

10

not available

 

He-111H6

Heinkel

1942

15

47-60+

 

Potez 63.11A3

Potez

1941

12+

French markings

used as light bomber/trainer

JRS-79B1

IAR

1943

36

201-236

production concluded after the war

B-24 Liberator

Consolidated/IAR

1943

3+

not available

rebuilt from crashed airplanes, used only as trainer

Hs-129B2

Henschel

1943

200+

101-132+; 211-238+; 311-338+

 

Ju-87D3/5

Junkers

1943

160+

1-45; 178-205; 860-872

 

Ju-88A4/14

Junkers

1943

80+

101-145+ & 300

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The following is some plane info with pertinent information highlighted in blue.

 

AXIS AF

Messerschmitt Bf 109

(Germany)
The Bf 109 was the Luftwaffe's standard fighter throughout WWII, and the production of the Bf 109 was larger than that of any other fighter. It was a quite revolutionary design, the smallest aircraft that could be built around a powerful engine. Advantages were good performance and handling, and a simple construction; disadvantages were restricted vision, bad landing characteristics, and the inability to carry heavy armament without adverse affects on handling. The E was one of the best fighters in the world, on a par with the Spitfire; the F was a fine fighter with limited armament; the G suffered from detoriated handling. The K was the last series-produced model. Some extreme developments, elongated, with longer wings and Jumo engines, never reached service. Projects to replace the 109 all failed. Approx 35000 built. Czechoslovakaia and Spain continued production of developments after WWII.

 

Junkers Ju 87 'Stuka'

(Germany)
'Stuka' or 'Sturzkampfflugzeug' was the general German terminology for dive-bombers, but the Ju 87 with its inverted gull wing, and fixed-undercarriage was the most famous and feared of all. The Ju 87 was ugly, sturdy, accurate, but very vulnerable to enemy fighters; its use demanded air superiority. But its effectiviness in destroying fortifications or ships, or just scaring people, was undoubted. On the eastern front the last Ju 87 versions were employed as anti-tank aircraft with underwing 37mm guns. Over 5700 built.

 

Heinkel He 111

(Germany)
Medium bomber, also used in small numbers as civilian transport. The early versions of the He 111 -- with a stepped cockpit -- flew in the Spanish civil war. During WWII the later developments of the He 111 with an unstepped, assymetric, extensivily glazed nose were used. The He 111 was a good medium bomber, but suffered severely from the Luftwaffe's lack of long-range escort fighters, and was kept in production long after it should have been replaced. Production ceased in 1944 after more than 7300 aircraft. Postwar Spain built He 111's with R.R. Merlin engines as the CASA 2.111.

 

Junkers Ju 88

(Germany)
The Ju 88 was one of the most versatile aircraft of WWII. It began its career as a fast (dive-)bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, and later was used also as torpedo-bomber, nightfighter, heavy day fighter and anti-tank aircraft. The first fighter conversions of the Ju 88 were very similar to the bomber versions, with only modifications to the nose and a gondola under the forward fuselage to accomodate radar and guns; the later Ju 88G was a specialized fighter with the tail of the Ju 188. The aircraft remained a formidable opponent throughout WWII. 10774 built, of which no less than 104 prototypes and experimental versions.

 

 

 

 

 

Messerschmitt Bf 110

(Germany)
The Bf 110 was a heavy twin-engined fighter, designed for fighter-bomber, bomber-interceptor, and escort fighter missions. Its use as escort fighter during the Battle of Britain was disastrous, because the Bf 110 was too vulnerable in a dogfight with single-engined fighters. Hence the Bf 110 acquired a poor reputation. But it had a good record as interceptor, fighter-bomber and especially as nightfighter. 6100 built.

 

 

 

Dornier Do 217

(Germany)
The Do 217 medium bomber was new design, only superficially similar to the Do 17. It was a much more capable bomber, but the original dive-bombing requirement had to be dropped. The Do 217J and N were night intruder or nightfighter versions, but the Do 217 was not very suitable for the fighter role. Late models had a fully glazed, unstepped nose, and were equipped with guided bombs. 1750 built.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Focke-Wulf Fw 190

(Germany)
The small Fw 190 was one of the greatest fighters of WWII. Designed by Dr. Kurt Tank, the Fw 190 was built as a sturdy all-round fighter, rather than a lightweight interceptor; but the early Fw 190A's nevertheless proved clearly superior to the Spitfire Mk.V. The Fw 190 was a better fighter than the Bf 109, except at high altitude. The radial-engine Fw 190 was also succesfully developed into a series of fighter-bombers. The Fw 190D-series used a liquid-cooled Junkers engine instead of the radial BMW, and had increased span and length. The Fw 190D (late) was a very good high-altitude interceptor, equal to the P-51D or Spitfire XIV and without the altitude limitations of the Fw 190A. It was the stepping-stone to the Ta 152. Total Fw 190 production was 20001.

 

Heinkel He 177 Greif

(Germany)
The He 177 was the only series built German heavy bomber of WWII, and a dismal failure. The requirement that it would be able to act as a dive-bomber, and the insistence on using two DB 606 engines -- units consisting of two joined DB601 engines -- were responsible for this failure of an otherwise advanced design. The He 177 was overweight, had structural weaknesses and frequently suffered from engine fires. 1094 built, but most were never used in combat.

 

Heinkel He 219 Uhu

(Germany)
The He 219 was a fast twin-engined aircraft, designed to be build in heavy fighter, fighter-bomber and nighfighter versions. Especially the nightfighter was a succes, although it was a bit underpowered and not fast enough to effectively intercept the British Mosquito bomber. The He 219 was doomed by political decisions, including insistence that Heinkel should concentrate on the construction of bombers. Only 294 were built. The He 219 was the first production aircraft with ejection seats; the cockpit design was one of its highly praised features.

 

Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse

(Germany)
The Me 410 was a development of the miserable Me 210, fitted with the longer tail and automatic wing slots that were adopted for the latter to cure its stability problems, and some more modifications. The Me 410 was indeed better than the Me 210, but it still couldn't be considered a success. It was used mainly as fast bomber and fighter-bomber. Many armament options were tried out, including 210mm rockets and a 50mm gun. 1160 were built.

 

Arado Ar 234 Blitz

(Germany)
The Ar 234 was the world's first jet bomber. It was a fairly orthodox, but very clean, high-wing design with a fully glazed nose. The prototypes and A-series aircraft used a trolley for take-off and had ski landing gear, but later aircraft had a wheeled undercarriage. Because of its high speed, the Ar 234 was the only German aircraft that could fly reconnaissance or bombing missions in 1945. A few were converted to nightfighters. Despite its high speed, most of the B-version aircraft had fixed, backward-firing 20mm cannon in the tail.The experimental Ar 234C had four engines. The Ar 234 was a very effective aircraft, but too late to have a large impact on the war. 274 built.